Jesuit evolutionary History:
The Jesuit Order, popularly known as the Jesuits, was founded in 1540. Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Jesuit Order, ultimately realized that education is the key for empowering the people in every way. The Jesuits are the first ones who offered education in a public school system[i] when education was very costly and was available only to the Royal Families and the Feudal Lords. Today Jesuits are looked up as pathfinders and trendsetters in education. Their education is not just confined to liberal arts and science, professional education etc but also is extended to the formation of the entire person as social and global leaders with innovative and entrepreneurial thinking. The Jesuits form people as men and women for others with creativity, competence, commitment, compassion, and consciousness and above all with social responsibility.[ii]
Evolution of Jesuit Vision:
Initially Ignatius of Loyola and his six companions, who completed their university studies in Paris, wanted to serve the people in need. They called themselves Company of Jesus (The word ‘company’ is perhaps due to the fact that Ignatius of Loyola was an Army General). They gave themselves the mandate to serve the people, namely ‘care of the soul’. Soon they realized that the ‘soul’ does not exist apart from body and switched gear as ‘care of the person’.[iii] Then they realized that a person needs freedom and dignity more than anything else. In a time of colonization, especially of South America, where the African slaves were bought and sold as commodities, the Jesuits worked for the total liberation of the person. They worked with people to ensure freedom from the oppressing powers and freedom for service to fellow human beings. This culminated in transformational leadership formation of the people, whom the Jesuits served, making them the role models and global leaders with social responsibility. They have been propelled with the dynamic spirit, namely serving God is serving the needy.
Concept of Jesuit Education:
The Jesuit education is comprehensive, that is, the formation of the head (mind), the heart, and the hand.[iv] One should be able to feel, think, and act on what is essential for one’s fellow human beings. Though at the outset, Jesuit education seems to be an intellectual formation, it leads to emotional intelligence and skill formation too. For this reason, the Jesuit education is world affirming, with social outlook, promoting global leadership. The social responsibility is altruistic especially boiling down to promotion of justice. Keeping this in mind, the Jesuits promote multi-disciplinary education which is value-based.[v]
Jesuit Mission:
‘The Jesuits attempt to discover, shape, renew or promote human wisdom, while at the same time respecting the integrity of disciplined scholarship’.[vi] Further, ‘the Society of Jesus has carried a flame for nearly five hundred years through innumerable social and cultural circumstances that have challenged it intensely to keep that flame alive and burning’.[vii] The Jesuit mission is the pursuit of truth and justice in the service of humanity for the greater glory of God.
The primary mission of the Jesuit Education is empowering the people, especially the marginalized. The Jesuit educational institutions ‘serve as major channels for social advancement’[viii] especially for the economically poor and the socially marginalized. Education, for a Jesuit, is an affirmative action towards empowerment of the downtrodden.
The Jesuit universities promote interdisciplinary work. This implies a spirit of cooperation and dialogue among specialists within each educational institution and with those of other institutions, nationally as well as internationally.[ix] A Jesuit educational institution is a center of in-depth study and research.
Jesuit Universal Contribution:
Political Advisers:
Two Jesuits, Rodolfo Acquaviva and Francisco Henriques, were at Akbar’s court in FatehpurSikri (1579).[x] Numerous Jesuits, especially Matteo Ricci and Adam Schall von Bell served Ming and Qing dynasties in China between 1522 and 1800.[xi] They built the bridge between China and Europe and introduced Mathematics and Astronomy in China.
Jesuits and European Royal Families:
The Jesuits have been advisers/confessors to many royal families in Europe.[xii] They helped Henry III to Louis XV over two centuries; in 16th and 17th centuries they guided the German emperors and all the Dukes of Bavaria. Most of the Polish and Portuguese rulers and Spanish Kings in the 18th century had them as advisors. The advisor to James II in England was a Jesuit. And many princely families throughout Europe had them as advisors and mentors and the Jesuits influenced their policy making often in favour of the common people.
Suppression and Restoration:
As the Jesuits became more popular, influential as well as powerful, the opposition also built up. The Jesuit Order was foreseen as the vanguard of the Catholic Church and in the time of ‘Reformation’, the Jesuits worked for ‘Counter-Reformation’ and hence they became the target of Reformists and the Protestants. Their closeness to the royal families brought in conflict with other political powers. When the Portuguese and Spanish colonization began in South America, the Jesuits opposed the slave trade and argued that ‘slaves’ were also full human beings. To prove their stand, they created Jesuit Republics and set the ‘slaves’ in their colonies free.[xiii] They earned the irk of the Portuguese and Spanish crowns. Their attempts to in-plant Christian faith through inculturation (as in China and Tamilnadu) faced stiff opposition from within the Church. As the Jesuits became beleaguered both from within the Catholic Church as well as out of the fold, the monarchies of Portugal, Spain, and France demanded the dismantling of the Jesuit Order. Pope Clement XIV suppressed the Jesuit Order in 1773.[xiv] Wherever the King/Queen proclaimed the papal decree, the Jesuits ceased to exist. However, the Protestant Prussia, the Orthodox Russia, and the Hindu India extended protecting hand to the Jesuits. Queen Catherine refused to read the papal decree in her Russian Kingdom, and Hyder Ali in Mysore took the Jesuits in under his patronage. Pope Pius VII restored the Jesuit Order in 1814, after more than four decades of soul-searching.[xv]
Jesuit Explorers:[xvi]
The Jesuits announced the existence of Mangolia and drew its map. They also discovered the silk-way, an international route, leading to China. They not only brought Astronomy and Mathematics to China but also drew the map of China (Matteo Ricci). The location of the Blue Nile was located by the Jesuits and in the Americas the exploration of the rivers Mississippi (Fr Jacques Marquette) and Amazon was achieved by them. During the colonization of South America, they founded the Jesuit Republics where the slaves enjoyed freedom with cooperative system. Sao Paulo in Brazil was founded (1534-1597) by them and Fr Ferdinand Bonnell developed Sri Lanka.
Jesuits in Science and Maths:
The Gregorian calendar that is in use at present was developed and designed by Christopher Clavius.[xvii] Teilhard de Chardin, a paleontologist, discovered the missing link (known as the Peking Man) in the human evolution.[xviii] Roger Boscovich (1711-1787) proposed the atomic theory, pointing out the similarity between the structure of an atom and of the planetary system. Vincenzo Riccati evolved differential equation (known as Riccati equation); Andre Tacquet is considered to be the forerunner of Calculus; and Acues de Billy brought in the number theory in practice.[xix]
Jesuits and Astronomy:
When Neil Armstrong landed on the moon, he had the map of the moon drawn by the Jesuits. In recognition of the contribution of the Jesuits, about 35 craters in the moon are named after Jesuit scientists. Four asteroids are named after Jesuit astronomers.[xx] Mateo Ricci was the Director of astronomical observatory in Beijing; Ferdinand Bonnel is considered as the father of meteorology; Christopher Clavius developed Euclidean geometry in the 16th century and he supported and proved the heliocentric universe proposed by Galileo by repeating the experiments of Galileo. Angelo Pietro Secci is considered as the father of astrophysics and he perfected meteorography, spectroscope, and telescope in his time. Francesco Lana Terzi is known as the father of aeronautics as he made the first balloon-flight. Jose de Acosta discovered the altitude-sickness.
Jesuits and Seismology:
Considering the contribution of the Jesuit scientists, Seismology is named as Jesuit Science. They have been, on a daily basis, contributing from the USA to ‘seismic prospecting’ based on surface waves close to the crest of the earth. Daniel Linehan worked out theories of Shallow Refraction; since 1868 about 54 Jesuit seismological stations are functional throughout the globe.[xxi]
Jesuit Contribution to Fine Arts:
The Jesuits promoted arts and architecture such as painting, sculpture, music, theatre, dance, and poetry as part of educational curriculum. The school plays evolved in the Jesuit schools became the modern theatre in 16th and 17th centuries. The sheer curtain used in the theatres is the invention of the Jesuits. They promoted plays in the school system. Their play ‘The Wicked Witch of the West’ is reflected in the film ‘The Wizard of Oz’ and the popular movies such as ‘On the Waterfront’, ‘The Mission’, ‘Black Robe’ etc are based on Jesuit life and mission. They designed the curriculum on architecture, known as ratio aedificiorum, and they were the champions of Baroque architecture. The Gesù, the Mother Church of the Jesuits in Rome, is a fine example of baroque style with captivating architecture and breathtaking painting especially on the fresco.[xxii] All the Jesuit universities and colleges promote courses on arts/sciences for all the students, irrespective of their discipline.
Contribution to Linguistics:
The Jesuits brought out dictionaries and lexicons in the native languages in North America.[xxiii] Gerard Manley Hopkins is a well known English poet, who has been honoured in Poets’ Corner at Westminster Abbey, London.
In India, they applied the Roman script for the Northeast Indian languages. Camille Bulke, a Belgian Jesuit, did engineering works in Hindi language. He wrote the first doctoral thesis on Indian languages in Hindi. He translated the New Testament of the Bible in Hindi and brought out Hindi-English-Hindi glossary. He was honoured with Padma Bhushan. Henry Heras, a Jesuit from Spain, was an archeologist and historian and his expertise in Indus Valley Civilization, especially Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa cultures was very much appreciated. Thomas Stephens, an English Jesuit, applied Roman script to Konkani language and composed Krista Purana (Epic on Jesus) in Marathi. Carlos Gonzales Valles, a Spaniard, became an expert in Gujarati. He coined many words in Gujarati and he was the first foreigner to receive Gujarati awards for literature.
In Tamilnadu, Robert de Nobili and Constantine Beschi, both from Italy, made Himalayan contribution to Tamil language and culture.[xxiv] Robert de Nobili was a scholar in Sanskrit, Telugu, and Tamil; he coined words such as Kovil, Arul, Prasadam, Guru, Vedam, Poosai, etc; and authored Catechism in Tamil. Constantine Beschi wrote an epic on St Joseph (Thembavani) and the first novel (Paramartha Guru Kathai). He wrote Thonool, Thiru Kavalur Kalambagam etc and Chathurakarathi (Tamil grammar). He is called the Father of Tamil prose. He translated Thirukural into Latin (with commentary). De Nobili and Beschi tried to understand Christian religion in the Tamil culture and milieu. Henry Henriques printed the first book in Tamil (in 1554) and the book Thambiran Vanakam (written by De Nobili) was printed in Portugal.[xxv]
Jerome D’Souza (former Principal of Loyola College) was a member of the Indian Constituent Assembly and he represented India in the UN four times. K.V. Peter was the postmaster in Shembaganur (Kodaikanal). He was given the best Postmaster award in India (1983) and was also decorated with Padma Shri award.
Jesuit Inventions:
Quinine used for Malaria was invented by the Jesuits in 16th century (called the ‘Jesuit Bark’) and the tonic water originates from the Jesuits.[xxvi] Germ theory regarding plagues was proposed by Athanaisus Kircher in 17th century. Robert Busa introduced hypertext into computer (1949).[xxvii] The following are a few inventions of the Jesuits: [xxviii] Trap door (Nicholas Owen), Megaphone (Athanasius Kircher), Gear-system in Engineering (Gaspar Schott), Vernier Scale and Gregorian calendar (Clavius), Sundial (Francis Line), refracting telescope (Sheiner – in 1613 with two convex lenses), reflecting telescope (Nicolas Zucci), cannon (Verbiest in 1681), etc. The ‘diffraction’ of light was first proposed by Francesco Grimaldi. Lana-Terzi developed seedless fruits. In Tamilnadu, it is said that the Jesuits introduced the grapes and the Kodaikanal lake was designed and created by a Jesuit.
Jesuit Reductions: Paradise Lost
When the Colonization by Spain and Portugal began in South America (17th and 18th centuries), slaves from the west African coast were brought into Cape Verde and from there they were sold to the plantation owners and shipped to the colonies. Though the Jesuits raised their objection to the slave-trade, the objection was overruled with the assumption that the slaves were sub-human beings. The Jesuits then started their own plantations, called Jesuit Reductions, in Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile, Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Bolivia etc and gave the slaves not only freedom but also introduced cooperative work ethics.[xxix] They were also trained in music, embroidery, and sculpture. Their products were brought to the European markets and their workmanship was on par with the Europeans. The children had schools inside the plantations. This set in motion the freedom struggle among the slaves and this also was one of the reasons for the suppression of the Jesuit Order in 1773.
Jesuit Refugee Service (JRS):
The Jesuits take their stand with the discriminated, neglected, and the marginalized. The former General of the Jesuit Order, Fr Pedro Arrupe, founded the Jesuit Refugee Service (JRS) in 1980.[xxx] Originally, it was meant to take care of the Vietnamese boat-people. But today it has expanded to international refugees, internally displaced people, undocumented migrants etc. The JRS is operative in 51 countries, mainly in Africa, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Afghanistan etc; and their service consists of education, emergency assistance (at the time of natural disaster), health and nutrition etc. So far about 600,000 have benefited and at present about 80 Jesuits along with 1,400 volunteers are engaged in bringing hope and meaning to the refugees all over the world. Fr Premkumar, who was in JRS team in Afghanistan, was abducted by the Taliban and was recently released after more than eight months.[xxxi] The JRS works for regaining the human dignity and freedom of the displaced people.
Option for the Poor:
In keeping with the biblical Yahweh’s preferential option for the poor, especially for the orphans, widows, and strangers/refugees (Ex 22:22, Deut 22:14, and Deut 16:10), and in resonance with Jesus’ taking his stand with the economically poor and the socially marginalized (Lk 10:29-35, Jn 4:26), Ignatius opened up a school for the poor in Rome. In the General Congregation 32 (1968), the Jesuits took a universal stand for the preferential option for the poor and the marginalized. This, in concrete, became the preference for the poor and the Tribals in North India; and as the option for the poor and the Dalits (who are economically poor, socially discriminated, politically neglected, and religiously ignored) in South India. This option has become the policy of education, leading to employment and culminating in empowerment. The goal is to bring those who are at the receiving end to be the leaders of the society.
Jesuit Education:
The Jesuit education, evolved as ratio studiorum in 1599, is called the Ignatian Pedagogical Paradigm with the following cyclic components:[xxxii]
Context ® Experience ® Reflection ® Action ® Evaluation ®
Enriched experience ® …..
This is an integral formation of the person for social transformation.
Jesuit Contribution to Spirituality:
Ignatius of Loyola, based on his spiritual experience and reflections, in the caves of Manresa in Spain, composed ‘The Spiritual Exercises’. This has changed the lives of millions of people to dedicate themselves to the service of the society. The contribution of St Ignatius is: Imagination to prayer. On contemplation, one gets involved in the event, either historical or current, with all physical senses via imagination. This inner movement of the heart moves the mind towards decision making for an action and gives the energy to accomplish the decision. Thus in prayer, the heart (feeling), the head (thinking), and the hand (action) are integrated and energized.[xxxiii]
Jesuits: All for All
The Jesuits have no specific work to do nor do they have specific area in the world to be active. They are propelled to be on the move where there is greater need for the people. There had been worker Jesuits in East Berlin industries (before the unification of Germany); and there were taxi drivers in France just to be available for the need of those who needed counseling and guidance. There had been circus clowns in the USA – Nick Weber has had his own circus in Santa Clara.[xxxiv] They have served as speechwriters to the Popes and the US Presidents. Nell von Breuning wrote the Papal Encyclical Rerum Novarum (on Christian Workers Union) for Pope Leo XIII. John McLaughlin was the speechwriter for President Nixon and now Jon Favreau is the speechwriter for President Obama. Ron Schmidt produced the Oscar winning documentary, The Labyrinth.[xxxv] Daniel Berrigan is a human rights activist in the USA. The first Asian Zen Master is AMA Samy in Kodaikanal (Tamilnadu). They have been in all walks of life in order to serve the needs of the people – Jesuits bring in social equality and dignity to the marginalized, wherever they are and whatever they do.
Jesuit Alumni/ae: Global Leaders[xxxvi]
The Jesuit alumni/ae are numerous – Just a few of them are represented here: Philosophers and Theologians are there (such as Rene Descartes, Michael Foucault, and Henri de Lubac in France, Martin Heidegger, Hans Kueng, and Karl Rahner in Germany). Voltaire, the French enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher, and Alfred Hitchcock, the British Film Director were educated by the Jesuits. Popes Benedict XIV, Innocent XI, Pius XI, Pius XII, Paul VI, John Paul I, and Francis have been Jesuit students.
Many of the former as well as present Presidents of many nations have been the alumni/alumnae of the Jesuits. Some of the countries are: Cuba (Fidel and Raul Castro), Tanzania (Julius Nyerere), Australia (Tony Abbott), the USA (Bill Clinton and Lyndon B Johnson), Mexico (Vicente Fox), France (Charles de Gaulle), South Korea (Park Geun-hye), Malta (Gido de Marco), the Philippines (Benigno Aquino III and Gloria M Arroya), El Salvador (Maruicio Funes), Peru (Eduardo López de Romañaand Alejandro Toledo), the Netherlands (Ruud Lubbers) etc. Many a nation had their Prime Ministers who had been formed by the Jesuits. A few of the countries are: Canada (Pierre Elliott Trudeau), Malta (Edward Fenech Adami), Belgium (Jean-Luc Dehaene), New Zealand (Sir Frederick Weld) etc.
A few more statesmen, especially in the USA, have been formed by Jesuit education: Thomas O’Neill (Speaker of US House), Andrew Cuomo (Governor of New York State), William Casey (Director of the CIA), Lisa Madigan and John Mitchell (US Attorney Generals), Edward Douglass White (Ninth Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court), Carter Ham (General ofUS Army) etc.
A few Nobel Laureates have had their education with the Jesuits: Ivo Andric (Yugoslavia), James Joyce (Ireland), and Maurice Maeterlinck (Belgium), Joseph Murrary (USA). A couple of Pulitzer Prize winning authors are also there: Timothy Egan, Loretta Tofani, and Edward Jones.
One could find the Jesuit hall mark of excellence in the Jesuit alumni/ae in all walks of life: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (Author of the Sherlock Holmes detective Stories), Carlos Ghosn (CEO of Renault and Nissan Motors), Anne M. Mulcahy (Chairman and CEO of Xerox), Paul Otellini (President of Intel Corporation), John Leahy (Chief Operating Officer of Airbus), Mark Thompson (Director General of the BBC), Claudio Teehankee (Chief Justice of the Philippines) etc are some of them.
In India too we have myriads of Jesuit alumni: Venkataraman and Abdul Kalam (Presidents of India), Jyoti Basu (Communist Party Leader and Chief Minister of West Bengal), Viswanathan Anand (Chess Grandmaster), Rahul Dravid and Sourav Ganguly (Cricket Captains), Anand and Vijay Amirthraj (Tennis players), Zakir Hussain (Musician), N. Ram (Chief Editor of The Hindu), and many more political and social leaders. In Tamilnadu, a few of the film artistes such as S. Sivakumar, Vijay, Vishal, Vikram, Surya etc are Jesuit alumni. All have been formed as the global leaders and each one lets his/her light of excellence shine!
Basic Assumption of Jesuit Mission:
The Jesuits assume that each one is a potential leader as each one has something to offer to the society. The focus of the Jesuit mission is the empowerment of the marginalized as they believe in bottom-up leadership. And the key to this empowerment process is education, which is the power-tool to pave the way for a better world. The Jesuits have the road as their home and they would be constantly on the move seeking those who are in greater need and doing, in the spirit of magis, ever more and ever better.
Propelling Dynamism:
In this dynamic spirit of giving the best to the least, each Jesuit is driven by three-fold mantra, namely:[xxxvii]
- What have I done?
- What am I doing? and
- What ought I do? – for the needy and the marginalized.
They are, just like their founder (St Ignatius of Loyola) restless people, seeking those who are in greater need. And that is why, the Jesuits have neither a fixed mission nor a specific work to do and they become all for all!
Conclusion:
The ultimate goal of the Jesuits is, finding God in everything and seeking everything in God.[xxxviii] For them, serving God is serving the people in need. They believe with conviction that whatever is done to the least of their brethren is done to God himself and ‘all for the greater glory of God’.[xxxix] Their life is other-centered, forming men and women as leaders with social responsibility for others.[xl] They make their lives fruitful and joyful: Fruitful for the needy, and joyful for themselves as they have done something beautiful, meaningful, and relevant for others. Not only do they let the light of their accomplishment and joy shine in their good work for the poor and the marginalized but also encompass others as well.
[i] ‘Roman College’,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Gregorian_University
[ii] ‘Peter-Hans Kolvenbach (1993): Regarding the Ignatian Pedagogical Paradigm’,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Gregorian_University
[iii] John O’Malley, The First Jesuits (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995).
[iv] ‘Education of the head, the heart and the hands’,
http://sjapc.net/content/education-head-heart-and-hands
[v] Peter-Hans Kolvenbach, 7 June 1989 in USA
[vi] 34th General Congregation of the Society of Jesus (Anand: Gujarat Sahitya Prakash, 1995), 146 (GC 34 404).
[vii] Decrees of General Congregation 35 (Anand: Gujarat Sahitya Prakash, 2008), 47 (GC 35 D2/1).
[viii] 34th General Congregation of the Society of Jesus (Anand: Gujarat Sahitya Prakash, 1995), 146 (GC 34 405).
[ix] 34th General Congregation of the Society of Jesus (Anand: Gujarat Sahitya Prakash, 1995), 149 (34 GC 413).
[x] ‘Jesuits at Akbar’s court’,
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jesuits_at_Akbar%27s_court.jpg
[xi] ‘Matteo Ricci’,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Adam_Schall_von_Bell
[xii] ‘Jesuits as Royal Confessors’,
http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/44.html
[xiii] ‘Jesuit Reduction’,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit_reduction
[xiv] ‘Suppression of the Society of Jesus’,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14096a.htm
[xv] ‘The Suppression and Restoration of the Jesuits’,
http://godinallthings.com/2014/03/10/the-suppression-restoration-of-the-jesuits/
[xvi] ‘Jesuit Missionaries, Explorers, Martyrs and Saints’
http://faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/sjmissio.htm
[xvii] ‘Christopher Clavius’,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Clavius
[xviii] ‘Pierre Teilhard de Chardin’,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin
[xix] ‘The List of Jesuit Scientists’,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_scientists
[xx] ‘Jesuit Astronomers’,
http://www.jesuit.org/blog/index.php/tag/astronomy/
[xxi] ‘Seismology, The Jesuit Science’,
http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/geophysics.htm
[xxii] ‘Baroque architecture’,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture
[xxiii] Otto Zwartjes and Even Hovdhaugen (Ed), Missionary Linguistics, (Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub Co, 2014)
[xxiv] ‘Roberto de Nobili’,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_de_Nobili
[xxv] ‘Constanzo Beschi’,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constanzo_Beschi
[xxvi] ‘Jesuit’s bark’,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit%27s_bark
[xxvii] ‘Roberto Busa’,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Busa
[xxviii] ‘Jesuit Scientists and Inventors’,
http://www.juliantrubin.com/schooldirectory/jesuitscientists.html
[xxix] ‘Jesuit Reduction’,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit_reduction
[xxx] ‘Jesuit Refugee Service’,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit_Refugee_Service
[xxxi] ‘TN Priest back after eight months in Taliban custody’,
http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/catholic-priest-prem-kumar-
freed-from-taliban-captors/article6922145.ece
[xxxii] ‘Ignatian Pedagogical Paradigm’,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatian_Pedagogical_Paradigm
[xxxiii] Robert J. Eagan, “Jesus in the Heart’s Imagination: Reflections on Ignatian Contemplation”, The Way (1995 – The Way Supplement 82): 62-72; and
Antonio T. De Nicolas, ‘Power of Imagination: Ignatius of Loyola’ (New York: State University of New York Press, 1986).
[xxxiv] ‘The Circus that ran away with a Jesuit Priest’,
http://www.metroactive.com/features/columns/Nick-Weber-Circus-
That-Ran-Away-With-a-Jesuit-Priest.html
[xxxv] ‘The Labyrinth’,
http://thelabyrinthdocumentary.com/about-the-film/the-filmmakers.html
[xxxvi] ‘List of alumni of Jesuit Educational Institutions’,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_alumni_of_Jesuit_educational_institutions
[xxxvii] ‘The Spiritual Exercises of St Ignatius’,
http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/seil/seil11.htm
[xxxviii] ‘Finding God in All things’,
http://jesuits.org/spirituality
[xxxix] ‘For the greater glory of God’,
http://www.ignatianspirituality.com/13507/for-the-greater-glory-of-god
[xl] ‘Men for Others’,
http://onlineministries.creighton.edu/CollaborativeMinistry/men-for-others.html